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Welcome to Catalin(ux) M. BOIE's page! Here you can find some work of mine on Linux kernel & other stuff. E-mail: catab # embedromix dot ro Phone: +40-745-048374 |
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My Fedora repository: rpm -Uhv http://kernel.embedromix.ro/dinorepo-0.0.12-1.noarch.rpm My Oracle/RedHat/CentOS repository: rpm -Uhv http://kernel.embedromix.ro/dinorepo-el-0.0.13-1.noarch.rpm Supported architectures: x86_64, i386, armv7hl, aarch64. |
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| Name | Description | Links |
| Presentations | Presentations made by me | present.html |
| IFB | A mini howto on how to shape on incoming packets and distribute packets on multiple interfaces, sharing bandwidth. | ifb.html |
| RAID mini HOWTO | A mini howto describing linear, 0, 1, 5 and 6, using mdadm. | RAID.html |
| git mini HOWTO | A mini howto describing how to use git. | git.html |
| LVM mini HOWTO | A mini howto describing how to use LVM. | LVM.html |
| IPv6 mini howtos | Some mini howtos to easy IPv6 implementation. | ipv6.html |
| Random stuff | Some usefull one-liners. | random.html |
Content: Linear, RAID0, RAID1, RAID5, RAID6 and a mini Slackware HOWTO
Author: Catalin(ux) M BOIE
URL: http://kernel.embedromix.ro/docs/
Version: 0.3
[Start]
dd if=/dev/zero of=disk1 bs=1M count=20
dd if=/dev/zero of=disk2 bs=1M count=20
dd if=/dev/zero of=disk3 bs=1M count=20
dd if=/dev/zero of=disk4 bs=1M count=20
losetup /dev/loop1 disk1
losetup /dev/loop2 disk2
losetup /dev/loop3 disk3
losetup /dev/loop4 disk4
[liniar]
# info
- Disks are concatenated.
- Data [123456789] is writen like this:
disk1: 123
disk2: 456
disk3: 789
# create array
mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level linear --raid-devices 3 \
/dev/loop1 /dev/loop2 /dev/loop3
# cat /proc/mdstat
???
# make filesystem
mkreiserfs -s513 /dev/md0
# df
/dev/md/0 61240 2120 59120 4%
# mdadm -D /dev/md0
Version : 00.90.01
Creation Time : Wed Sep 15 13:18:07 2004
Raid Level : linear
Array Size : 61248 (59.81 MiB 62.72 MB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 3
Preferred Minor : 0
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Wed Sep 15 13:18:07 2004
State : clean
Active Devices : 3
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Rounding : 64K
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 7 1 0 active sync /dev/loop/1
1 7 2 1 active sync /dev/loop/2
2 7 3 2 active sync /dev/loop/3
UUID : 77f48182:97b30d4b:5a182b31:ec9a49a9
Events : 0.33
# stop array
mdadm --stop /dev/md0
[RAID0]
# info
- Disks are filled in chunks in a round-robin fashion
- Does not survive to 1 disk crash
- Data [123456789] is writen like this:
disk1: 147
disk2: 258
disk3: 369
# create array
mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level 0 --raid-devices 3 \
/dev/loop1 /dev/loop2 /dev/loop3
# cat /proc/mdstat
???
# make filesystem
mkreiserfs -s513 /dev/md0
# df
#/dev/md/0 61240 2120 59120 4%
# mdadm -D /dev/md0
Version : 00.90.01
Creation Time : Wed Sep 15 12:56:04 2004
Raid Level : raid0
Array Size : 61248 (59.81 MiB 62.72 MB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 3
Preferred Minor : 0
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Wed Sep 15 12:56:04 2004
State : clean
Active Devices : 3
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Chunk Size : 64K
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 7 1 0 active sync /dev/loop/1
1 7 2 1 active sync /dev/loop/2
2 7 3 2 active sync /dev/loop/3
UUID : 365be1f3:b1b1a51e:cb67e153:6ebe221e
Events : 0.22
# stop array
mdadm --stop /dev/md0
[RAID1]
# info
- Survives to n-1 disk crashes
- Also known as mirroring
# create array
mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level 1 --raid-devices 3 \
/dev/loop1 /dev/loop2 /dev/loop3
# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [raid0] [raid1] [raid5] [raid6]
md0 : active raid1 loop3[2] loop2[1] loop1[0]
20416 blocks [3/3] [UUU]
unused devices:
# make filesystem
mkreiserfs -s513 /dev/md0
# df
#/dev/md/0 20408 2120 18288 11%
# mdadm -D /dev/md0
Version : 00.90.01
Creation Time : Wed Sep 15 13:45:15 2004
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 20416 (19.94 MiB 20.91 MB)
Device Size : 20416 (19.94 MiB 20.91 MB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 3
Preferred Minor : 0
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Wed Sep 15 13:46:01 2004
State : clean
Active Devices : 3
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 7 1 0 active sync /dev/loop/1
1 7 2 1 active sync /dev/loop/2
2 7 3 2 active sync /dev/loop/3
UUID : 6f439ee6:b997776d:e12ef07a:462cce63
Events : 0.51
# stop array
mdadm --stop /dev/md0
[RAID5]
# info
- Survives to 1 disk crash
# create array
mdadm --create /dev/md0 --chunk 64 --level 5 --raid-devices 3 \
/dev/loop1 /dev/loop2 /dev/loop3
# cat /proc/mdstat
???
# make filesystem
mkreiserfs -s513 /dev/md0
# df
#/dev/md/0 40824 2120 38704 6%
# mdadm -D /dev/md0
Version : 00.90.01
Creation Time : Wed Sep 15 13:11:41 2004
Raid Level : raid5
Array Size : 40832 (39.88 MiB 41.81 MB)
Device Size : 20416 (19.94 MiB 20.91 MB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 3
Preferred Minor : 0
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Wed Sep 15 13:12:16 2004
State : clean
Active Devices : 3
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 64K
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 7 1 0 active sync /dev/loop/1
1 7 2 1 active sync /dev/loop/2
2 7 3 2 active sync /dev/loop/3
UUID : ee31370a:10c2b48f:275711db:3d578e0a
Events : 0.30
# stop array
mdadm --stop /dev/md0
[RAID6]
# info
- Minimum 4 disks
- Survives to 2 disk crash.
# create array
mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level 6 --raid-devices 4 \
/dev/loop1 /dev/loop2 /dev/loop3 /dev/loop4
# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [raid0] [raid1] [raid5] [raid6]
md0 : active raid6 loop4[3] loop3[2] loop2[1] loop1[0]
40832 blocks level 6, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/4] [UUUU]
unused devices:
# make filesystem
mkreiserfs -s513 /dev/md0
# df
#/dev/md/0 40824 2120 38704 6%
# mdadm -D /dev/md0
Version : 00.90.01
Creation Time : Wed Sep 15 13:36:40 2004
Raid Level : raid6
Array Size : 40832 (39.88 MiB 41.81 MB)
Device Size : 20416 (19.94 MiB 20.91 MB)
Raid Devices : 4
Total Devices : 4
Preferred Minor : 0
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Wed Sep 15 13:38:26 2004
State : clean
Active Devices : 4
Working Devices : 4
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 7 1 0 active sync /dev/loop/1
1 7 2 1 active sync /dev/loop/2
2 7 3 2 active sync /dev/loop/3
3 7 4 3 active sync /dev/loop/4
UUID : 9cd6d756:b26c94ea:b0959dec:e2f0cb9b
Events : 0.41
# stop array
mdadm --stop /dev/md0
**************************
I have installed slack on a disk.
How do I convert to RAID1?
0. Before starting
SLACK installed on /dev/hda (hda1), /dev/hdc is empty
Kernel compiled with support for RAID1 and your
favourite fs built-in.
1a. Change partition type for hda1 to 0xfd (RAID autodetect) using cfdisk.
1b. Partition the second disk the same way as the first one.
WARNING: CHECK NEXT LINE 10 TIMES BEFORE RUNNING IT!
sfdisk -d /dev/hda | sfdisk /dev/hdc
2. Create array with the second (empty) disk in degraded mode:
mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level 1 --raid-devices 2 /dev/hdc1 missing
cat /proc/mdstat:
Personalities : [linear] [raid0] [raid1] [raid5] [raid6]
md0 : active raid1 hdc1[0]
20416 blocks [2/1] [U_]
unused devices:
3. mkreiserfs /dev/md0 (or any fs you want)
4. mkdir /Z; mount /dev/md0 /Z
5. mkdir /Z/proc /Z/sys
6. cp -a /bin /boot /dev /etc /lib /mnt /opt /root /sbin /tmp \
/usr /var /Z
You may want to save other things like /data etc.
7. fstab & lilo.conf
Edit /Z/etc/fstab and replace /dev/hda1 with /dev/md0.
Edit /Z/etc/lilo.conf and replace root = /dev/hda1 with
root = /dev/md0. Then run lilo -r /Z
8. Reboot.
Check if you are using the new root filesystem (md0).
9. Second disk to RAID1
BACKUP ALL REMAINING DATA ON /dev/hda1 BEFORE THIS STEP.
/dev/hda1 disk is not used anymore, so hot add it to the aray:
mdadm -a /dev/md0 /dev/hda1
cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [raid0] [raid1] [raid5] [raid6]
md0 : active raid1 hdc1[2] hda1[0]
20416 blocks [2/1] [U_]
[====>................] recovery = 20.0% (4224/20416) finish=0.1min speed=1408K/sec
unused devices:
10. Now you have a working RAID1 system.